[Objective] The purpose of this paper is to reduce user distractions effectively by analyzing their reactions to various positioning accuracy of a pedestrian navigation system. [Methods] First, we collected users’ behavior data from the simulation and controlled experiments. Then, we compared the user distraction frequencies and durations with descriptive statistics and significance tests. [Results] We found that users paid more attention to the orientation of the GPS, which increased the number of stopovers and reduced interactions with the APP. [Limitations] We could not exclude the influence of the individual factors on the results and few previous studies discussed the theoretical foundation of our study. [Conclusions] To reduce distractions, pedestrians should decrease their reliance on the navigation system, while the latter needs to provide more specific and comprehensive information.
Brooks C A, Rakotonirainy A.In-vehicle Technologies, Advanced Driver Assistance Systems and Driver Distraction: Research Challenges[C]// Proceeding of the 2005 International Conference on the Distraction in Driving, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. 2007: 599-621.
[2]
BBC News. One in Three ‘Distracted’ as Cross Road [EB/OL]. (2012-12-13). [2017-04-10]. .
(Distracted by Mobile Phone? The Number of Pedestrian Deaths in the United States Increased [EB/OL]. (2017-04-01). [2017-04-10].
[4]
Brown I D.Driver Fatigue[J]. Human Factors, 1994, 36(2): 298-314.
[5]
Jensen B S, Skov M B, Thiruravichandran N.Studying Driver Attention and Behaviour for Three Configurations of GPS Navigation in Real Traffic Driving[C]//Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 2010: 1271-1280.
[6]
Morris A, Reed S, Welsh R, et al.Distraction Effects of Navigation and Green-driving Systems - Results from Field Operational Tests (FOTs) in the UK[J]. European Transport Research Review, 2015, 7(3): 1-9.
doi: 10.1007/s12544-015-0175-3
[7]
Green P. Customer Needs, New Technology, Human Factors,Driver Science Research for Future Automobiles[J]. Journal of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996, 99: 15-18.
[8]
Liberty E, Mazzae E, Garrott R, et al.NHTSA Driver Distraction Research: Past Present and Future[C]// Proceedings of the International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles.2001.
[9]
Green P. Driver Distraction, Telematics Design, and Workload Managers: Safety Issues and Solutions[J/OL]. SAE International, 2004. .
[10]
Lee B, Lee Y J N, Park S, et al. Driver’s Distraction and Understandability (EOU) Change due to the Level of Abstractness and Modality of GPS Navigation Information During Driving[J]. Procedia Computer Science, 2014, 39: 115-122.
doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2014.11.017
[11]
Green P.Driver Interface/HMI Standards to Minimize Driver Distraction/Overload [J]. SAE International, 2008. .
[12]
Liang Y, Reyes M L, Lee J D.Real-Time Detection of Driver Cognitive Distraction Using Support Vector Machines[J]. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2007, 8(2): 340-350.
doi: 10.1109/TITS.2007.895298
[13]
Wang S, Zhang Y, Wu C, et al.Online Prediction of Driver Distraction Based on Brain Activity Patterns[J]. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2015, 16(1): 136-150.
doi: 10.1109/TITS.2014.2330979
Hamann C, Dulf D, Baraganandrada E, et al.Contributors to Pedestrian Distraction and Risky Behaviours During Road Crossings in Romania[J]. Injury Prevention, 2017. DOI: 10. 1136/injuryprev-2016-042219.
pmid: 28193714
[16]
Thompson L L, Rivara F P, Ayyagari R C, et al.Impact of Social and Technological Distraction on Pedestrian Crossing Behaviour: An Observational Study[J]. Injury Prevention, 2013, 19(4): 232-237.
doi: 10.1136/injuryprev-2012-040601
pmid: 3717764
[17]
Kautz J A.Pedestrian Distraction : Pedestrian Behaviors at Midblock Crossings Considering Geometric and Environmental Conditions [D]. Corvallis: Oregon State University, 2015.