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数据分析与知识发现  2019, Vol. 3 Issue (9): 16-26     https://doi.org/10.11925/infotech.2096-3467.2018.1127
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面向主题模型的主题自动语义标注研究综述 *
凌洪飞,欧石燕()
南京大学信息管理学院 南京 210023
Review of Automatic Labeling for Topic Models
Hongfei Ling,Shiyan Ou()
School of Information Management, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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摘要 

【目的】对面向主题模型的主题自动语义标注方法进行总结与评述, 以促进主题模型的发展与应用。 【文献范围】在Web of Science和CNKI 数据库中分别以“Topic Labeling OR Topic Labelling OR Topic Tagging OR Topic Indexing”和“主题模型 AND (标注 OR 标签)”等检索式进行检索, 通过手工筛选获得代表性文献 57篇。【方法】对相关论文进行深入阅读与分析, 以主题标注过程中主题标签的生成来源为线索, 对已有方法进行分 类与比较分析。【结果】面向主题模型的主题自动语义标注包括候选标签生成与排序两个主要步骤, 根据候选标签的生成来源可分为依靠自身语料库和依靠外部语料库两类方法。【局限】目前该领域的研究还不是很丰富, 分析与评述不够系统和全面。【结论】该领域的研究仍具有较大探索空间, 面向社交媒体内容的主题语义标注是未来研究方向, 可结合更丰富的知识库并采用深度学习技术进行改进提升。

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凌洪飞
欧石燕
关键词 主题语义标注概率主题模型隐含狄利克雷分布    
Abstract

[Objective] This paper reviews methods of automatic topic labeling, aiming to promote the development of topic modelling. [Coverage] We used “Topic Labeling OR Topic Labeling OR Topic Tagging OR Topic Indexing” as search term for the Web of Science and CNKI databases. A total of 57 representative literatures on topic labeling were retrieved. [Methods] We categorized the existing methods and then conducted a comparative analysis for them. [Results] Automatic topic labeling usually had two steps: generating candidate labels from a corpus and then ranking them. These methods can be divided into two categories: label generation based on internal or external corpus. [Limitations] We might not be able to cover everything in this field. [Conclusions] More research could be done in automatic labeling, i.e. those for user-generated contents from social media using deep learning technologies.

Key wordsTopic Labeling    Probabilistic Topic Models    Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA)
收稿日期: 2018-10-16      出版日期: 2019-10-23
ZTFLH:  G350 TP39  
基金资助:*本文系国家社会科学基金重点项目“基于关联数据的学术文献内容语义发布及其应用研究”(项目编号: 17ATQ001)
引用本文:   
凌洪飞,欧石燕. 面向主题模型的主题自动语义标注研究综述 *[J]. 数据分析与知识发现, 2019, 3(9): 16-26.
Hongfei Ling,Shiyan Ou. Review of Automatic Labeling for Topic Models. Data Analysis and Knowledge Discovery, 2019, 3(9): 16-26.
链接本文:  
https://manu44.magtech.com.cn/Jwk_infotech_wk3/CN/10.11925/infotech.2096-3467.2018.1127      或      https://manu44.magtech.com.cn/Jwk_infotech_wk3/CN/Y2019/V3/I9/16
词汇 views view materialized maintenance warehouse tables summary updates
出现概率 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02
  关于“物化视图”的“主题-词汇”概率分布
主题语义标签 优点 缺点
词汇集合 简单、易实现 对于特定领域的主题, 不易被用户理解
单个词汇 简单、易实现 表达的语义过于笼统, 无法覆盖“主题-词汇”分布所表达的全部语义信息
单个或多个句子 易于理解, 主题区分度明显 与单个词汇表示法相反, 该方法表达的语义过于具体
短语 介于单个词汇和句子这两种表示方式之间, 是目前使用最多的一种表示主题语义的方式, 易于理解 可能存在一词多义与一义多词的情况
图片 直观, 用户能快速理解, 且与语种无关 不易实现; 一些抽象的概念难以用图片表示
  主题语义标签的种类及其优缺点
方法 标签类别 候选标签生成方式 候选标签排序方式
Mei等[4] 短语 通过浅层句法解析和n元语法模型从原始语料中
抽取出名词性短语
计算“主题-词汇”分布与候选短语标签的互信息
Kou等[25] 短语 通过浅层句法解析和语块技术从原始语料中抽取
出名词性短语
采用词向量分别表示“主题-文档”分布和候选短语标签, 然后计算两者之间的余弦相似度
Cui等[26] 短语 通过依存句法分析从原始语料的摘要中抽取出名
词性短语
计算“主题-文档”分布和候选“短语标签-文档”分布之间的相对熵(KL距离)
Nolasco等[27] 短语 从特定主题所关联的原始文档中抽取出短语 使用基于词频及其变体的方法为该主题的所有候选短语标签排序
Basave等[8] 句子 通过自动摘要方法从特定主题所关联的原始文档
中抽取出特定长度的文摘句
由自动摘要算法决定
Wan等[29] 句子 通过计算“主题-词汇”分布与原始语料库中每个句
子的相对熵来生成该主题对应的候选句子集合
从语义相关性、全面覆盖性和区分度三个方面对候选句进行综合评分
Mao等[30] 短语 通过n元语法模型从原始语料中抽取出名词性短语 基于主题之间的层次结构, 采用词汇加权和JS散度两种方法计算“主题-词汇”分布与候选短语标签的相似性
  基于自身语料库的主题自动语义标注方法汇总
外部语料库类别 标签类别 候选标签生成方式 候选标签排序方式
分类目录 单个词汇
或短语[31,32]
将分类目录中已有的主题概念作为候选标签[31,32] 计算“主题-词汇”分布与候选标签的余弦相似度、Jaccard系数等[31,32]
搜索引擎、
维基百科
单个词汇或
短语[20,33-34,36-37]
图片[10,11]
对搜索引擎的搜索结果进行解析, 生成候选
标签[10-11,20,33-34]; 或将维基百科的词条作为候选
标签[20,36-37]
计算“主题-词汇”分布与候选标签的相似度[20,36]; 采用机器学习方法进行排序[11,20]; 采用网络分析中节点中心性度量方法进行选择[10,33-34]; 采用有监督主题模型同时进行主题抽取与标注[37]
概念知识库 单个词汇或
短语[5,21,39-48]
将概念知识库中的概念及其属性作为候选
标签[5,21,39-48]

根据网络分析中的节点中心性度量方法进行选 择[21,39]; 或对主题模型进行扩展[5,40-43]; 或计算知识库中的概念与“主题-词汇”分布的相似度[44,45,46,47,48]
其他外部语料库 单个词汇或
短语[49,50]
使用具有主题相关性的外部语料库自带的
主题标签作为候选标签[49,50]
计算外部语料库主题抽取得到的“主题-词汇”分布与待解决问题的“主题-词汇”分布的相似度, 进行主题标签迁移[49,50]
  基于外部语料库的主题自动语义标注方法汇总
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