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Data Analysis and Knowledge Discovery  2022, Vol. 6 Issue (12): 53-69    DOI: 10.11925/infotech.2096-3467.2022.0708
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Citation Characteristics of Scholarly Articles on South China Sea Based on Intentions and Sentiments
Qi Xiaoying(),Li Xinwei,Yang Haiping
School of Information Management, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Abstract  

[Objective] This paper analyzes the citation intentions and sentiments of academic papers on the South China Sea issue, aiming to reveal their citation behaviors and the emerging research ideas. [Methods] First, we used the feature-based SVM algorithm to automatically classify citations. Then, we built a citation classification knowledge map. Finally, we analyzed the papers’ citation characteristics from their overall distribution, national differences, and topics. [Results] The F1 macro average of the automatic classification model reached 0.75 and 0.72 on citation intentions and sentiments. Chinese scholars tend to defend China’s sovereignty over the South China Sea from a historical perspective. Their leading citating intentions are “technical basis” or “backgrounds”, while their citation sentiment is generally “neutral”. [Limitations] The corpus data size and comprehensiveness need to be expanded. [Conclusions] Chinese scholars should strengthen their arguments of the South China Sea issue from the legal perspectives.

Key wordsCitation Intention      Citation Emotion      Citation Classification      Knowledge Map of Citation      Classification      South China Sea     
Received: 10 July 2022      Published: 03 February 2023
ZTFLH:  G350  
  TP391  
Fund:National Social Science Fund of China(19BTQ053)
Corresponding Authors: Qi Xiaoying,ORCID:0000-0002-2109-6975     E-mail: qxy@smail.nju.edu.cn

Cite this article:

Qi Xiaoying, Li Xinwei, Yang Haiping. Citation Characteristics of Scholarly Articles on South China Sea Based on Intentions and Sentiments. Data Analysis and Knowledge Discovery, 2022, 6(12): 53-69.

URL:

https://manu44.magtech.com.cn/Jwk_infotech_wk3/EN/10.11925/infotech.2096-3467.2022.0708     OR     https://manu44.magtech.com.cn/Jwk_infotech_wk3/EN/Y2022/V6/I12/53

A Framework for Citation Characteristics of Academic Papers in the South China Sea
体系 作者 分类体系
六大类 Abu-Jbara等[46] 批判、比较、使用、证实、基于、其他
Jurgens等[47] 背景、动机、使用、扩展、比较、未来工作
五大类 Ta?k?n等[48] 文献综述、提供定义、提供数据、提供方法、数据验证
邱均平等[49] 知识主张、价值感知、信息源便利性、引用输出、引用重要性
罗准辰等[50] 使用、发布、介绍、比较、扩展
四大类 Dong等[51] 背景、思想、使用、比较
Hernández-Alvarez等[52] 背景、使用、比较以及批判
三大类 陈果等[53] 目的与意义、方法与过程、结果与结论
周清清[54] 背景、使用、比较
Existing Citation Intent Classification System
施引论文DOI 被引论文DOI 引用文本 引用意图 引用情感
10.1002/polq.12772 10.1080/0163660X.
2014.893176
While at least one scholar has argued that the South China Sea is not a flash point, this article contends that in the second decade of the twenty-first century, this body of water does indeed meet the criteria. comparison negative
10.1080/09557571.
2019.1639622
10.1111/1468-
2346.12657
The English-language literature on the territorial and maritime disputes in the South China Sea is extensive, but much of the recent debate focuses on China’s allegedly assertive behaviour and its “salami-slicing” strategy to change the status quo incrementally in China’s favour. background neutral
10.1080/09512748.
2019.1587497
10.1162/
016228800560543
Defensive realism, focusing on cooperative security strategies for peace (Taliaferro, 2001; Tang, 2010), seems at odds with the impression of Chinese coercion. technical
basis
positive
Sample Annotation
Dataset Distribution
类别 扩展的线索词
背景 statement, literature, recent, by the end of, in fact, decade, source, historic, announcements, agreements, government official, in retrospect, note, speaking, it is well known that, rules, treaty, widely accepted, research by, emerge, example, state, issued, there have been, noti?cation, statement of claim, provoke, cases, publish, review, argument, reference, date back, endorse
比较 in contrast to, conversely, runs counter to, instead, comparing with, than, shift, among these, most, while, some, others, similarly, similar to, viewed differently, differ from, siding with, against, previously, later, in the past, contrary, vary
依据 proclamation, refer to, clarify, positioning analysis, point, perspective, suggest, assumption, reiterating, emphasis, basic function, point out, denote, summarize, legal basis, observe that, distilled, essentially, based on, based upon, on the basis of, according to, coupled with, given, quote, focused on, plays a significant role in, more importantly, understood as, tied with, key issues, pays due attention to, drawing on, challenge, it can be seen that, state, view, be evident in
使用 framework, case, model, definition, chosen, theory, concept, strategy, empirical studies, dwell on, use, consensus, theorists, evidence, refers to, examined, prove, techniques, used to, policy, tools, criticizes, define, scrambling to, approach
Clue Vocabulary for Citation Intention Classification
类别 扩展的线索词
正向 acceptable, feasible, reasonable, evident in, significance, much, presumption, clarified, specifically, contributed to, enriched, extensively rooted in, made great strides, enhance, dominant, difficult not to agree with, good illustration, more importantly, contribution, set the foundation on, remind
中性 closely resembles, some argue, others assert, the first, second, many scholars, statement
负向 but, even as, little, however, yet, nevertheless, few, challenge, bare the real possibility, overlook, no consensus on, irony, even as, not necessarily be able to, runs counter to
Clue Vocabulary for Citation Emotion Classification
Classification Effect of Citation Intention Under Different Amount of Features
类别 精确率(P) 召回率(R) F1值 引用文本数
背景 0.77 0.81 0.79 21
比较 1.00 0.50 0.67 4
依据 0.75 0.68 0.71 31
使用 0.79 0.85 0.81 52
准确率 0.78 108
宏平均 0.83 0.71 0.75 108
加权平均 0.78 0.78 0.78 108
Classification Results of Citation Intention Test Set
Classification Effect of Citation Emotion Under Different Amount of Features
类别 精确率(P) 召回率(R) F1值 引文文本数
正向 0.66 0.74 0.70 42
中性 0.81 0.77 0.79 62
负向 1.00 0.50 0.67 4
准确率 0.75 108
宏平均 0.82 0.67 0.72 108
加权平均 0.76 0.75 0.75 108
Classification Results of Citation Emotion Test Set
句子 抽取的特征(部分) 引用
意图
引用情感
词性标注 线索词 时态
The effect is similar in the South China Sea, where a weakening of coastal upwelling leads to decreased fish abundance, especially when ENSO warming is amplified by secular increases in global mean temperatures. DT NN VBZ JJ IN DT NP NP NP WRB DT NN IN JJ NN VVZ TO VVN NN NN RB WRB NP NN VBZ VVN IN JJ NNS IN JJ JJ NNS SENT 'is'
'similar'
'is'
present technical
basis
neutral
In contrast, everyday nationalism is suggested to replace the banal, as the former can blend both banal and exceptional reproduction of nationalism in more complex and contingent ways not controlled exclusively by authorities. IN NN JJ NN VBZ VVN TO VV DT JJ IN DT JJ MD VV DT JJ CC JJ NN IN NN IN JJR JJ CC JJ NNS RB VVN RB IN NNS SENT 'is'
'suggested'
'as'
'can'
'both'
'more'
present comparison neutral
Results of Automatic Citation Classification (Partial)
Knowledge Map of Citation Classification
The Distribution of Citation Intention
The Distribution of Citation Emotion
Citation Intention Distribution
Citation Emotion Distribution
Citation Path
The Emergence of Academic Ideas
主题 主题聚类结果
国家角色 0, '0.030*"角色" + 0.019*"国家" + 0.010*"中国" + 0.009*"南海" + 0.007*"问题" + 0.007*"国际" + 0.006*"概念" + 0.006*"外交政策" + 0.006*"认为" + 0.006*"承认"'
国际关系 1, '0.034*"中国" + 0.009*"关系" + 0.006*"国际" + 0.006*"大国" + 0.006*"国家" + 0.006*"军事" + 0.006*"南海" + 0.005*"海洋" + 0.005*"领土" + 0.005*"指出"'
国际法 2, '0.013*"历史" + 0.013*"水域" + 0.010*"中国" + 0.010*"南海" + 0.010*"国家" + 0.009*"权利" + 0.009*"公约" + 0.009*"主张" + 0.008*"海洋法" + 0.007*"政策"'
领土主权争端 3, '0.025*"中国" + 0.011*"菲律宾" + 0.010*"国家" + 0.010*"海洋" + 0.008*"主权" + 0.007*"解释" + 0.007*"行为" + 0.007*"历史" + 0.007*"国际" + 0.006*"领土"'
国际机制 4, '0.042*"中国" + 0.012*"南海" + 0.012*"机构" + 0.010*"战略" + 0.009*"国家" + 0.009*"规范" + 0.008*"行为" + 0.008*"国际" + 0.007*"主权" + 0.007*"角色"'
海域管辖权争端 5, '0.011*"中国" + 0.010*"地图" + 0.009*"区域" + 0.007*"规范" + 0.007*"国际" + 0.006*"问题" + 0.005*"管辖权" + 0.005*"扩大" + 0.005*"决策" + 0.005*"认为"'
地缘政治 6, '0.030*"中国" + 0.017*"国家" + 0.010*"争端" + 0.009*"国际" + 0.009*"政治" + 0.007*"经济" + 0.007*"关系" + 0.007*"问题" + 0.007*"公约" + 0.006*"认为"'
制度建设 7, '0.021*"中国" + 0.011*"美国" + 0.011*"规范" + 0.009*"问题" + 0.008*"国际" + 0.007*"岛屿" + 0.006*"关系" + 0.006*"制度" + 0.006*"大国" + 0.006*"菲律宾"'
划界问题 8, '0.013*"地区" + 0.012*"主张" + 0.012*"中国" + 0.011*"国家" + 0.009*"权利" + 0.007*"争端" + 0.007*"历史" + 0.007*"菲律宾" + 0.007*"主权" + 0.007*"大陆架"'
Important Themes in the South China Sea
主题 子主题 示例(部分)
国际法
规则秩序
制度建设
《联合国海洋法公约》 不存在实施《联合国海洋法公约》第56、57、62和77条的理由
搁置争议,共同开发 建立联合渔业开发区对于案件复杂(涉及两方以上)的领土争端是不可行的
南海多边主义 中国放弃了对东盟领导的多边主义的表面承诺
南海争端立场 争议根源 中国的强硬态度是导致争议升级的重要因素
武力收复 中国通过武力强硬收复南海被占领岛屿将彻底摧毁中国作为一个“爱好和平”国家的形象
处理态度 中国在处理南海争端的方式上变得更加果断,这种解释忽视了中国在这些争端方面的复杂行为
战略地位 中国决策者是否真的将南海列为中国的核心利益仍然是一个有争议的问题
南海历史和法理证据 主权证据 中国宣称对南沙群岛拥有主权,根据现在掌握的证据,可以看出情况并非如此
历史权利证据 中国没有提供证明南海断续线和历史权利水域具有因果关系的证据
南海利益 中国核心利益 个别中国学者甚至将中国的核心利益范围扩大到朝鲜半岛的稳定和中东的能源利益
美国南海利益 质疑美国是否会冒着与中国对抗的风险来保护其利益,或其区域盟友和伙伴的利益
南海政策与战略 南海战略 没有注意文化和战略决策之间的具体变量和因果机制
南海政策 著名学者提供的政策无助于消除美方争端的军事化
Disputes Themes in the South China Sea
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