［1］ Lenat D B. CYC: A Large-scale Investment in Knowledge Infrastructure ［J］. Communications of the ACM, 1995,38(11):33-38.
［2］ WordNet［EB/OL］. ［2009-08-17］.http://wordnet.princeton.edu/.
［3］ 知网［EB/OL］. ［2009-08-17］.http://www.keenage.com/.
［4］ Riloff E，Shepherd J. A Corpus-based Approach for Building Semantic Lexicons［C］. In：Proceedings of  the 2nd Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. 1997.
［5］ Roark B，Charniak E. Noun-phrase Co-occurrence Statistics for Semi-automatic Semantic Lexicon Construction［C］. In：Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics，Montreal, Quebec, Canada. 1998:1110-1116.
［6］ Frantzi K, Ananiadou S, Mima H. Automatic Recognition of Multi-word Terms: The C-value/NC-value Method Export ［J］. International Journal on Digital Libraries, 2000, 3(2):115-130.
［7］ Etzioni O, Cafarella M, Downey D, et al. Unsupervised Named-Entity Extraction from the Web: An Experimental Study［J］. Artificial Intelligence, 2005,165(1):91-134.
［8］Pasc M. Finding Instance Names and Alternative Glosses on the Web: WordNet Reloaded［C］. In: Proceedings of CICLing. 2005: 280-292.
［9］ Hearst M A. Automatic Acquisition of Hyponyms from Large Text Corpora［C］. In: Proceedings of the 14th Conference on Computational Linguistics. New York: Association for Computational Linguistics, 1992(2): 539-545.
［10］ Mann G S. Fine-Grained Proper Noun Ontologies for Question Answering［C］.In:Proceedings of International Conference on Computational Linguistics. 2002：1-7.
［11］ Snow R, Jurafsky D, Ng A Y. Learning Syntactic Patterns for Automatic Hypernym Discovery［C］. In:Proceedings of Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. 2005：1297-1304.
［12］ Berland M, Charniak E. Finding Parts in Very Large Corpora［C］. In: Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Computational Linguistics，College Park, Maryland. 1999：57-64.  
 ［13］ Girju R, Badulescu A, Moldovan D. Learning Semantic Constraints for the Automatic Discovery of Part-Whole Relations［C］. In: Proceedings of the 2003 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Human Language Technology，Edmonton, Canada. 2003: 1-8.  
［14］ Widdows D, Dorow B. A Graph Model for Unsupervised Lexical Acquisition［C］. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Computational Linguistics.2002：1093-1099.
［15］ Kozareva Z, Riloff E, Hovy E. Semantic Class Learning from the Web with Hyponym Pattern Linkage Graphs［C］. In: Proceedings of the 46th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies.2008.
［16］ Cimiano P,Wenderoth J. Automatic Acquisition of Ranked Qualia Structures from the Web［C］. In:Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics.2007：888-895.
［17］ Yang H, Callan J. A Metric-based Framework for Automatic Taxonomy Induction［C］. In: Proceedings of the 47th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics.2009.
［18］ Sanderson M, Croft B. Deriving Concept Hierarchies from Text［C］. In：Proceedings of the 22nd Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval.New York: ACM Press, 1999:206-213.
［19］ Lin D. Automatic Retrieval and Clustering of Similar Words［C］. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics，Montreal, Quebec, Canada.1998: 768-774. 
［20］ Yang H, Callan J. Learning the Distance Metric in a Personal Ontology ［C］.In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Ontologies and Information Systems for the Semantic Web，Napa Valley, California, USA.2008：17-24.
［21］ Pantel P, Lin D. Discovering Word Senses from Text ［C］. In: Proceedings of the 8th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining，Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.2002: 613-619.
［22］ Pantel P, Ravichandran D. Automatically Labeling Semantic Classes［C］. In: Proceedings of the 2006 International Conference on Digital Government Research，San Diego, California.2006: 167-176. 
［23］ Caraballo S. Automatic Acquisition of a Hypernym-Labeled Noun Hierarchy from Text［D］. Providence: Brown University, 2001.
［24］ Girju R, Badulescu A, Moldovan D. Automatic Discovery of Part-Whole Relations［J］. Computational Linguistics, 2006, 32(1): 83-135.
［25］ Buitelaar P, Cimiano P, Magnini B. Ontology Learning from Text: Methods, Evaluation and Applications［J］. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, 2005(123):569-572.