[Objective]We proposed a novel approach to identify the comprehensive quality grade of PhD Dissertations. [Methods]Based on evaluation scores, we applied data envelopment analysis (DEA) which calculates the quality distance from the best practices according to both the performances of the individual sample and the group. The grading results by DEA is compared with the conventional grading method using the value of total-score. [Results] The advantages and effectiveness of the two methods were discussed and proved by using the dissertations at the margin or awarded ones as test indicators. Compare to total marks, DEA could identify the diversity of dissertations of high quality other than making judgments only according to the weighted total score. [Limitations]The DEA grading method could only base on reliable, valid and rigorous examining system to rank dissertations according to their comprehensive quality. The qualification line must be determined by academic experts who are assigned to evaluate the dissertation quality. [Conclusions] DEA is a rapid method on identifying PhD dissertation quality more precisely and more sensitively than the conventional method. Referencing DEA results could improve the efficiency and the effectiveness during the inspection; thus, it has great potential application in monitoring and directing PhD education in real scenario.