张轩慧, 赵宇翔
南京理工大学经济管理学院 南京 210094
Zhang Xuanhui, Zhao Yuxiang
中图分类号: G250
通讯作者:
收稿日期: 2017-06-1
修回日期: 2017-06-30
网络出版日期: 2017-07-25
版权声明: 2017 《数据分析与知识发现》编辑部 《数据分析与知识发现》编辑部
基金资助:
展开
摘要
【目的】通过厘清国际公众科学领域的源流与研究现状, 为今后该领域的探索提供参考与借鉴。【文献范围】选取Web of Science (WOS)核心数据集作为文献数据来源, 以公众科学(Citizen Science)、群智科学(Crowd Science)等关键词以及项目名称进行主题检索, 共得到相关文献1 796篇。【方法】借助文献计量、社会网络、内容分析等方法, 结合可视化工具, 对公众科学研究的演化路径、研究热点及国际图书情报学科中公众科学主题的研究现状进行深入分析。【结果】结果表明, 随着互联网的发展和各类智能移动终端的普及, 群体智慧和开放科学范式受到高度关注, 基于群体参与及协作的公众科学研究正处于快速发展阶段。目前的研究热点可以归纳为三个层面, 即项目视角、理论方法视角以及参与者视角。此外, 尽管以往公众科学的研究主力集中在自然科学领域, 但在国际上图书情报学科对于公众科学方向的探索具有起点高、发力强等特点, 蕴含很大的发展潜力。【局限】仅使用WOS核心数据集作为数据来源, 没有包含领域会议论文, 故而数据存在偏差; 仅根据关键词进行主题演化分析, 没有以全文数据为分析样本。【结论】图书情报领域作为兼具资源管理优势与数据管理优势的传统学科, 势必将对公众科学的研究发挥重要作用。
关键词：
Abstract
[Objective] This paper investigates the origin and status quo of citizen science related studies abroad, aiming to promote the development of similar research in China. [Coverage] We retrieved 1 796 papers from the Web of Science (WOS) core collection, using the keywords “citizen science” or “crowd science”. [Methods] We employed the methods of bibliometrics, social network and content analysis, as well as visualization tools, to illustrate the evolution path of citizen science and the popular research topics. This paper also analyzed the citizen science research in Library and Information Science. [Results] We found that the crowd wisdom and open science paradigm were highly emphasized thanks to the development of the Internet and mobile technologies. Citizen science had been growing rapidly and included the following perspectives, project, theoretical and participant studies. Although the main focus of citizen science research was on natural science, the Library and Information Science had promising outcomes. [Limitations] We did not include conference papers and full text analysis in this study. [Conclusions] Library and Information Science could play an important role in the future study of citizen science.
Keywords：
随着互联网技术的日趋成熟以及各类网络平台的迅猛发展, 群体参与的力量和集体智慧得到高度关注, 基于互联网开展的众包模式应运而生。公众科学, 又称大众科学、群智科学(Crowd Science)、社区科学(Community Science)、公众参与式科学研究(Public Participation in Scientific Research), 是指包含非职业科学家、科学爱好者和普通志愿者参与的开放科研众包活动[1-3]。通常而言, 公众科学是公众作为研究者参与到相关科研活动的过程[4], 其范围包括科学问题探索、新技术发展、数据收集与分析等[5]。关于公众科学的研究, 国外学界已经积累了大量的研究成果, 并且在理论和实践上都达成了部分共识, 而国内该领域的研究仍处于萌芽阶段且方兴未艾。因此, 厘清国际公众科学研究的演化路径及研究热点, 对于进一步开展公众科学的理论探索和实践发展具有重要作用。鉴于此, 本文重点解决如下三个问题:
(1) 公众科学领域的研究是如何演化的?
(2) 公众科学主题的研究热点是什么?
(3) 公众科学主题在国际图书情报领域的研究现状如何?
针对三个问题, 本文选取Web of Science (WOS)核心数据集作为文献数据来源, 借助文献计量、社会网络、内容分析等方法, 利用可视化工具, 对国际公众科学研究文献进行统计分析和内容挖掘。通过分析国际图情领域中公众科学研究的发展现状, 为图书情报领域介入公众科学研究的可行性和前景提供借鉴与思考。
1994年, Irwin等第一次使用“Citizen Science”描述具有专业知识的外行活动[6]。虽然公众科学作为一个科学术语为人所熟知才不过10多年, 但事实上这一概念已具有相当长的历史和社会基础。譬如, 在中国, 公众及官员跟踪蝗虫爆发并记录数据已经有至少3 500年历史[7]; 在美国, 创立于1900年的奥杜邦学会的圣诞节鸟类调查, 至今已不间断地持续了117届[8]; 在挪威, 18世纪中叶一位挪威主教创立了神职人员团体, 要求成员提供观察数据并且收集自然物体, 用于制作历史出版物[9]。在这些研究中, 研究者对公众参与科研活动的表述倾向于使用“Volunteer Monitoring”、“Community-based Monitoring”、“Participate Science”而非“Citizen Science”。直至目前, 依然有部分研究者使用公众观察的数据, 但并不会强调这类研究隶属于公众科学。Cooper等认为从领域规范的角度, 凡是在研究中涉及和使用到非科学家贡献生成的数据, 都需要在文献中清楚标注“公众科学”这一关键词[10]。此外, 随着众包理念的出现, 以众包模式为基础, 以群体智慧为价值保障的公众科学项目又被研究者称为“群智科学(Crowd Science)”、“众包科学(Crowd-sourced Science)”。除上述提及的关键词之外, 笔者发现, 在社会科学领域, 部分学者习惯使用“公民科学(Civic Science)”代替“公众科学(Citizen Science)”, 但实际上二者并无本质区别。
如上所述, 笔者将检索式拟定为: TS=(“citizen scien*” OR “crowd scien*” OR “crowd-sourced scien*” OR “civic scien*”OR “volunteer monitoring” OR “community-based monitoring” OR “participat* scien*” NOT “civic scien* literacy”) OR TI=(public participat* in scien*)。
选取WOS核心数据集的数据库为文献数据来源, 采用上述逻辑检索式进行检索。考虑到2017年数据尚不完整, 故而仅检索 2016年及以前的数据, 总共得到检索结果1 666条, 经过人工筛选, 剔除主题与本研究不相关的文献129篇, 得到1 537篇与主题相符的文献数据作为初步的文献分析池。
此外, 仅用以上检索式可能会存在一定的局限性, 无法全面反映公众科学在具体项目中的体现。譬如, Ebird是世界范围内的公众科学项目, 该项目已经产出近50篇文献科研成果, 但并不是每一篇文献都会出现“公众科学”这个关键词。因此, 笔者根据Kullenberg等于2016年发表在PLOS One中的一篇文献给出的公众科学项目发文量排名[11], 选取排名前10的项目, 分别以项目名称进行主题检索, 经过人工筛选后, 得到检索结果319条作为补充数据。将基础数据和补充数据合并、去重、勘误后, 最终得到1 796篇文献作为本文的数据分析集合。
时序内学术论文数量的演化是衡量某领域发展的重要指标。通过对1996年-2016年各年度发文量的统计以及线性拟合, 将公众科学领域的研究文献划分为三个阶段, 如图1所示。
第一阶段为萌芽期(1996-2009), 该阶段的文献量增长缓慢, 每年的发文量均小于50篇, 线性拟合斜率为3.0484, 即每年的文献增长量约为3篇; 第二阶段为成长期(2010-2013), 该阶段的文献量显著增长, 线性拟合斜率是为31.6, 约是萌芽期的10倍; 第三阶段为发展期(2014-2016), 该阶段的文献发表量快速增长, 线性拟合斜率为79.5, 约是成长期的2.5倍。从图1可以看出, 2010年是公众科学文献量演化进程中的转折性节点, 2010年之前相关研究数量较少, 发展非常缓慢; 2010年之后, 随着互联网和信息技术的高速发展, 基于互联网平台的线上公众科学项目(如Galaxy Zoo)逐渐增多, 研究数量也开始呈现显著上升的趋势。正如2012年Henderson在Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment上一期关于公众科学主题专刊的卷首语中提到: 公众科学的时代已经到来[12]。
公众科学作为一个跨学科的研究主题, 其研究文献分布在WOS的100个学科和领域中。总体上看, 公众科学项目中的公众参与者具有地理分布上的多样性, 恰好符合许多自然科学研究对数据样本多样性的需求。因此, 现有研究中有90%以上的文献属于自然科学领域, 其中有代表性的细分领域包括生态学、动物学、天文学等。表1显示了在萌芽期、成长期和发展期三个阶段, 文献发表数量排名前10的研究领域。可以看出, 三个阶段中研究领域的分布并无太大区别, 其中, 环境科学与生态学、生物多样性、动物学、工程学等学科是公众科学研究的主要阵地。由此可见, 公众科学作为群体参与和群体智慧的集中展现, 在科学家研究人类生存环境的进程中起到举足轻重的作用。Bonney和Shirk等在Science上撰文认为, 由于公众科学项目在自然资源、生态环境保护等领域的普遍应用, 这种形式不仅可以充分利用公众力量进行科研工作, 同时还有利于提升公众的科学素养和环保意识[13]。
表1 公众科学的研究领域分布
| 排名 | 萌芽期(1996-2009) | 频次 | 成长期(2010-2013) | 频次 | 发展期(2014-2016) | 频次 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Environmental Sciences & Ecology | 150 | Environmental Sciences & Ecology | 188 | Environmental Sciences & Ecology | 390 |
| 2 | Zoology | 53 | Biodiversity & Conservation | 67 | Biodiversity & Conservation | 167 |
| 3 | Biodiversity & Conservation | 40 | Computer Science | 55 | Science & Technology | 123 |
| 4 | Engineering | 13 | Astronomy & Astrophysics | 47 | Computer Science | 104 |
| 5 | Physical Geography | 11 | Zoology | 47 | Zoology | 82 |
| 6 | Life Sciences & Biomedicine | 10 | Engineering | 44 | Engineering | 64 |
| 7 | Marine & Freshwater Biology | 9 | Science & Technology | 36 | Physical Geography | 53 |
| 8 | Water Resources | 8 | Education & Educational Research | 27 | Marine & Freshwater Biology | 50 |
| 9 | Public, Environmental & Occupational Health | 8 | Marine & Freshwater Biology | 22 | Astronomy & Astrophysics | 43 |
| 10 | Mathematics | 7 | Life Sciences & Biomedicine | 19 | Remote Sensing | 41 |
笔者选取CiteSpace的时区视图(timezone)对公众科学研究领域的演化进行可视化分析[14]。图2从时间维度清晰地展示了公众科学研究领域的演化, 包括每个节点的更新及相互影响。为了保证节点更新的细节, 笔者将排名位列前10的研究领域的节点从可视化图中去除, 一方面, 这些节点几乎占据视图的所有时区, 影响视觉效果; 另一方面, 这些节点在公众科学研究的每一阶段都占据重要阵地, 因此, 对于研究领域的演化分析并无多大意义。20世纪90年代, 随着康奈尔大学申请的“公众参与的鸟类学”项目被美国国家自然科学基金立项后, 公众科学这一新兴术语逐渐进入大众的视野[15]。随后, 其他领域相继使用公众科学作为研究手段辅助其进行科学研究, 譬如海洋与淡水生物学领域利用公众的力量进行海洋监测[16]; 进化生物学领域采用公众对蝴蝶观察的数据进行物种进化研究[17]等。与此同时, 教育学领域也开始探讨公众科学给社会和个人带来的教育意义[18]。2010年后, 互联网的发展及各类移动智能终端的普及给公众科学的研究带来巨大变革, 计算机科学领域与公众科学领域突显出较强的研究交叉性, 公众科学项目从以往传统的线下项目, 逐渐演化为线上线下相结合的项目, 甚至衍生出一些完全可以在线上完成的项目。此外, 近几年崛起的数字人文领域的研究[19-20], 对公众科学项目的实施也有了更多迫切的现实需求。
关键词是文献内容的精髓, 代表了学术文献的研究主题[21]。WOS数据库中的文献包含两类关键词: 作者关键词(Author Keywords)和关键词加(Keywords Plus)。在文献计量分析时, 关键词加和作者关键词对于某领域知识结构的展现可以产生同等效力; 但在文献内容分析时, 作者关键词对于文献内容概括的准确性要优于关键词加[22]。因此, 笔者选取作者关键词进行公众科学的主题演化分析。利用Python语言对关键词进行整理、去重和统计, 共得到4 788个关键词。按照萌芽期、成长期、发展期三个阶段对每个阶段出现的关键词进行词频统计及共现统计。结果显示: 萌芽期关键词841个, 关键词两两共现949次; 成长期关键词1 511个, 关键词共现1 580次; 发展期关键词3 123个, 关键词两两共现5 534次。表2显示了三个阶段中公众科学领域的高频关键词, 结合上述的词频及共现统计结果, 可以看出, 公众科学的主题分布广泛, 并且各主题间的交织不断深化。
表2 公众科学的高频关键词分布
| 排名 | 萌芽期(1996-2009) | 频次 | 成长期(2010-2013) | 频次 | 发展期(2014-2016) | 频次 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | citizen science | 33 | citizen science | 148 | citizen science | 386 |
| 2 | north American breeding bird survey | 23 | monitoring | 21 | crowdsourcing | 54 |
| 3 | breeding bird survey | 16 | climate change | 17 | biodiversity | 34 |
| 4 | monitoring | 13 | north American breeding bird survey | 14 | climate change | 33 |
| 5 | volunteer monitoring | 12 | invasive species | 13 | conservation | 28 |
| 6 | community-based monitoring | 11 | crowdsourcing | 13 | monitoring | 27 |
| 7 | biodiversity | 9 | data quality | 13 | phenology | 21 |
| 8 | birds | 8 | conservation | 12 | invasive species | 18 |
| 9 | conservation | 8 | biodiversity | 12 | distribution | 18 |
| 10 | species richness | 7 | community-based monitoring | 10 | ebird | 17 |
| 11 | surveys | 6 | birds | 10 | species distribution models | 17 |
| 12 | population trends | 6 | guideline | 9 | community-based monitoring | 16 |
| 13 | common birds census | 5 | education | 8 | public participation in scientific research | 13 |
| 14 | trends | 5 | phenology | 7 | volunteered geographic information | 13 |
| 15 | locally-based monitoring | 5 | lepidoptera | 7 | north American breeding bird survey | 13 |
| 16 | invasive species | 4 | distribution | 7 | remote sensing | 13 |
| 17 | landscape | 4 | surveys | 6 | big data | 13 |
| 18 | abundance | 4 | volunteers | 6 | participation | 12 |
| 19 | sustainability | 4 | meta-analysis | 6 | migration | 12 |
| 20 | participatory monitoring | 4 | participatory sensing | 6 | data quality | 12 |
笔者采用武汉大学王晓光教授团队开发的网络社区演化分析软件NEViewer[23]对公众科学的主题演化进行可视化分析。该软件基于社区主题表示算法和社区相似度匹配算法, 不仅可以实现主题表示、主题识别和主题判断, 还能以可视化的方式展现科研主题的演化历程[23]。笔者将处理过的数据导入NEViewer, 得到公众科学的主题演化图。图3显示了萌芽期、成长期、发展期三个阶段的主题演化过程, 每一个热点社区对应一个色块, 色块面积和该社区所包含的关键词个数呈正比, 面积大的即表示学者们对该主题的关注度高。总体来看, 随着时间的推移, 公众科学的研究主题越来越多, 有分裂也有合并现象, 反映出公众科学研究主题在演化过程中的延续及交叉; 部分热点社区没有延续, 说明一些主题仅在某一阶段被学界所关注。具体而言, 萌芽期共形成8个热点社区, 其中4个与鸟类有关, 说明公众科学领域在这一时期致力于研究鸟类的监测与保护, 这与表2中萌芽期的高频关键词相吻合; 成长期的热点社区是萌芽期两倍, 并且出现“众包”、“数据质量”、“志愿者”、“教育”等高频关键词, 说明学者们开始深入探究公众科学的运作机制; 发展期的研究主题分布更加广泛, “大数据”关键词的出现体现出学者们对基于海量数据开展的公众科学项目的需求, 以及重视公众科学在大数据环境下的理论、方法及实践探索。值得注意的是, “众包”是近几年公众科学领域关注的热点, 基于众包模式的公众科学项目打破了传统科研的组织边界, 利用群体智慧在科研任务上开展跨时间、跨空间、跨领域的创新协同。由此可见, 伴随着计算机网络的发展以及大数据时代的到来, 公众科学研究不断扩展其研究的广度与深度, 经历了从简单到复杂的演化过程。
科研合作已经成为科学研究成果增长和创新的强劲动力, 科学研究中的合作关系已经成为影响科学生产能力发挥的重要因素[24]。科研机构合作网络是指为了研究某一学术领域的发展变化, 高校以及科研院所之间所构造的一个通过文献相互联系的网络[25]。通过对三个阶段高产科研机构的合作网络进行社会网络分析, 揭示公众科学领域中知识交流、扩散、演化的特点。表3显示了三个阶段中发文量排名前10的高产机构, 可以看出: 萌芽期阶段, 高校与科研院所在发文量方面几乎平分秋色; 成长期和发展期阶段, 高校的成果产出量明显提升。
表3 公众科学科研机构分布
| 排名 | 萌芽期(1996-2009) | 发文量 | 成长期(2010-2013) | 发文量 | 发展期(2014-2016) | 发文量 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | British Trust Ornithol | 18 | Cornell Univ | 35 | Cornell Univ | 50 |
| 2 | US Geol Survey | 16 | Yale Univ | 25 | US Geol Survey | 46 |
| 3 | Cornell Univ | 13 | Univ Wisconsin | 25 | Univ Oxford | 41 |
| 4 | US Fish & Wildlife Serv | 13 | Univ Washington | 18 | Univ Washington | 31 |
| 5 | Univ Minnesota | 9 | Univ Oxford | 17 | Univ Wisconsin | 29 |
| 6 | US Forest Serv | 7 | Adler Planetarium | 17 | Univ Queensland | 28 |
| 7 | N Carolina State Univ | 7 | Univ Calif Davis | 15 | Univ Arizona | 26 |
| 8 | USGS | 7 | US Geol Survey | 15 | Univ Oklahoma | 26 |
| 9 | Michigan State Univ | 7 | Univ Maine | 13 | Univ Minnesota | 24 |
| 10 | Univ Arizona | 6 | Cornell Lab Ornithol | 13 | Univ Calif Los Angeles | 23 |
笔者使用社会网络分析软件Ucinet的中间中心度(Betweenness Centrality)对机构合作网络进一步分析, 并用NetDraw进行可视化呈现。中间中心度表征着某个节点对网络中资源控制的程度, 某节点中间中心度越高, 说明该节点越多地占据资源和信息流通的关键位置。图4显示了公众科学在萌芽期、成长期、发展期三个阶段的科研机构合作网络。总体上看, 公众科学领域的跨机构合作程度越来越高, 机构间的合作越来越紧密, 合作的中间中心度由高度集中趋于平均。
具体来说, 萌芽期中间中心度最高的是US Forest Service(Betweenness= 478.83), 其次是Montana State University(Betweenness=338), British Trust Ornithol (Betweenness=239), 说明这几个机构掌握了较多的研究资源。同时, 萌芽期的机构合作网络呈两级分化态势, 离散程度较高(Mean=25, Std Dev=76.6), 说明该时期的研究资源仅集中在少部分机构中, 并且这些机构大部分属于科研院所; 成长期中间中心度最高的是Univ Calif Los Angeles(Betweenness=590.21), 其次是Univ Oxford(Betweenness=452.37), Univ Wisconsin (Betweenness=447.64)以及Cornell Univ (Betweenness= 430.11), 意味着掌握较多研究资源的机构已经从科研院所转向世界顶尖高校; 发展期中间中心度最高的是Univ Oxford(Betweenness=450.19), 其次是Univ Queensland(Betweenness=376.67), Oregon State Univ (Betweenness=308.05)以及Cornell Univ(Betweenness= 276.99), 说明世界顶尖高校依然占据资源和信息流通的关键位置。同时, 发展期机构合作网络的资源连通性较好, 并且资源分布更加分散。
关键词共现可以有效地反映学科领域的研究热点, 为科学研究提供辅助支持[26]。利用VOSviewer的密度可视化功能绘制公众科学关键词共现图谱, 如图5所示, 共得到聚类12个, 每个聚类代表公众科学领域的一个研究热点, 颜色越深代表研究越密集。笔者将公众科学的研究热点大致分为三类: 一是将公众科学作为解决自然生态问题的工具, 即公众科学的项目视角, 代表关键词有“monitoring”“birds”“biodiversity” “phenology”等; 二是将公众科学视作方法论的范式, 即公众科学的理论方法视角, 代表关键词有“crowdsourcing”“education”“data quality”等; 三是将参与者作为研究的主体, 即公众科学的参与者视角, 代表关键词有“citizen scientist”“training”“community- based monitoring”等。
公众科学的项目实践探索早在理论探索之前就已经存在, 且至今仍是该领域的研究热点。在过去20年中, 出现了一些规模大且持久性强的公众科学项目, 譬如, 由康奈尔大学和奥杜邦学会于2002年联合创立的EBird项目, 致力于收集空间和时间尺度上的鸟类分布数据, 截至2016年11月, 超过33万个用户提交了超过2 600万份清单, 超过3.66亿次观察结果, 以及超过10 300种物种的数据[27]; 由牛津大学和约翰霍普金斯大学等机构于2007年联合发起的“星系动物园”(Galaxy Zoo)活动, 邀请公众协助天文学家对上百万星系进行线上分类, 目前的参与人数已超过100万人[28]; 由华盛顿大学于2008年创立的折叠蛋白质(Foldit)游戏, 以游戏的方式吸引公众在消遣的同时为蛋白质研究做出贡献[29]等。公众科学的实践探索涵盖环境学、生态学、动植物学、天文气象学、人文学等众多领域, 公众在参与过程中积累了大量有科学和应用价值的数据, 为科学家的进一步研究提供有力保障。
关于公众科学的理论探索, 已有一些文献就这一主题进行了系统讨论。Wiggins和Crowston对现有的公众科学任务进行分类, 并试图对其发展进行理论化的总结与分析[30]。发表在2014年Science上的文章“Next Steps for Citizen Science”指出, 战略性投资和协同机制是未来公众科学充分发挥潜力的两大法宝[13]。Newman等认为未来的公众科学需要成立项目小组协同政府部门、企业、协会、期刊、以及网络基础设施等, 共同打造更好的公众科学服务模式, 并提出网络化、开放科学和游戏化机制是成功实施公众科学的有效工具[31]。
与此同时, 一些学者重点对公众科学的类型及特征进行归纳总结。相较于传统科研项目, 在公众科学中, 开放性、参与性和互动性是此类项目开展的前提和基础, 科研工作不仅仅是科学家的任务, 同时也可以借由大众参与的力量得以实施和完善[32]。项目的流程设计和运作管理也更为灵活, 尤其是面对一些跨学科跨领域的研究主题, 公众科学范式能够在很大程度上调动群体智慧的碰撞和融合, 并产生意想不到的效果[33-34]。Bonney等将公众科学项目划分为三个主要类型: 贡献型(Contributory)、协作型(Collaborative)和共创型(Co-creative)[1]。随后, Shirk等提出公众科学项目的5种类型, 即契约型项目(Contractual Projects)、贡献型项目(Contributory Projects)、协作型项目(Collaborative Projects)、联合创新型项目(Co-created Projects)和共议型项目(Collegial Projects)[35]。
公众科学作为群体智慧的具体体现, 其鲜明特征是大众的广泛参与和持续参与[36]。目前, 关于公众科学的参与者研究可以总结为三类: 动因; 群体动力; 理解和体验[37]。动因方面, Rotman等将志愿者参与公众科学项目的激励动因划分为4类, 分别为利己性激励动因、集体性激励动因、利他性激励动因和原则性激励动因[38]; Sauermann和Franzoni探讨了公众科学项目中参与者的贡献模式, 按照工作时长、贡献数量、工作频率等为指标对参与者的贡献行为进行分类, 并提出不同的激励策略[39]。群体动力方面, Massung等评估了激励因素的影响, 发现社会同行的反馈可以作为参与者强有力的激励工具, 同时提高群体工作意识, 将这种新行为视为“社会规范”有助于加快公众科学项目的传播[40]。理解和体验方面, Thomas等认为帮助公众更好地理解科学, 培养其科学素养, 是公众科学的重要目的[41]; 同时, Parsons等在Nature杂志上撰文认为, 越简单的任务设计越能增加参与者数量和质量[42]。这里的简单指的是对于参与者而言公众科学项目的任务不能过于复杂冗余。
此外, 还有学者从游戏化模式的角度对公众参与和激励提出建议[43-44]。譬如, Bowser等发现游戏化设计能够帮助激发用户在参与公众科学过程中的灵感[45]。游戏化元素能让用户在认知、情感和社交上有所收获[46], 也能为科学研究带来更多潜在利益, 包括用户参与的自发性、用户数据的可跟踪性、任务的可控性以及数据质量等[47]。Prestopnik和Tang从游戏化设计角度出发, 探讨不同的游戏化设计方法对公众科学项目中用户体验和参与意向的影响[48]。
传统图书馆的资源采集、组织等工作通常是由专业的图书馆员完成, 具有一定的专业性。随着数字图书馆的兴起以及海量数字资源的涌现, 图书馆不得不借助大众的力量来完成资源采集、组织等工作。在这一背景下, 图书情报界对于公众科学的实践, 进行了诸多尝试。譬如, 特色馆藏资源的数字化录入, 代表项目为: 伦敦大学图书馆的边沁手稿录入(Transcribe Bentham)项目。该项目将哲学家、改革家边沁的约6万页未发表的手稿以图片形式发布至项目平台, 招募公众对图片上的文字内容进行人工录入[49]。数字图书的在线标注, 代表项目为: 生物多样性历史文献图书馆的图书标注, 基于众包模式的在线图书标注项目旨在招募公众为图书中的某一篇文章进行著录、标引, 从而满足不同读者对单篇文章的个性化需求[50]。同时, 还有一些基于投票选择的元数据制定项目, 典型代表为: 南洋技术图书馆的中国旗袍元数据选择。项目将众多描述艺术品的元数据组成元数据集, 用户依照每个旗袍的特点从中选择出最合适的元数据, 按照用户选择数量多少的排序, 形成最终的元数据采纳方案[51]。除了利用自身的馆藏优势作为公众科学项目的发起方, 另外有一些图书馆则利用自身的平台优势及专业优势作为公众科学项目的中介服务方。譬如田纳西大学图书馆提出图书馆参与公众科学项目的方案[52]。
由此可见, 具有平台优势、资源优势以及专业优势的现代图书馆机构, 将在未来公众科学的发展进程中扮演越来越重要的角色[15]。
2009年后, 国际图书情报学界开始探索公众科学的相关研究, 研究成果主要分布在: 以Computers in Human Behavior, International Journal of Human- Computer Interaction为代表的计算机、人机交互领域的期刊; 以Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, International Journal of Geographical Information Science为代表的信息科学领域的期刊。由此可见, 图情领域关于公众科学的研究虽然尚处于起步阶段, 但大部分研究成果都发表在领域内的顶级期刊, 具有起点高、发力强等特点, 蕴含很大的发展潜力。此外, 对图书情报领域的公众科学研究进行内容分析可知, 这类研究具有鲜明的图书情报学科特征。
从资源组织角度, 随着公众科学项目的与日俱增, 学者们不仅关注项目本身的优势, 而且认识到公众科学在资源组织方面面临的巨大挑战。在人力资源方面, Vasileiadou认为很多公众科学项目都存在组织能限的问题, 例如没有优秀的领导者, 无法调动公众参与的积极性等, 这些问题都会导致项目的最终失败[53]。这与公众科学领域的著名学者Bonney等的观点相一致, 他认为成功的公众科学项目需要有一个优秀的全职人员对参与者进行管理[54]。同时, 在信息资源方面, Rotman等通过对“百科全书”(EOL)的深入案例研究, 探讨了创造和维持大规模“内容管理社区”的挑战, 结果有两大类挑战: 信息整合和社会融合。信息整合的挑战包括: 适应多种分类来源, 以及将传统的同行评议与用户生成的非同行评议内容相结合; 社会融合的挑战包括: 建立科学界开放获取资源的信誉, 促进专家与新手之间的协作[55]。
从数据的角度, 公众科学项目从初步的数据采集到科研数据的管理, 再到数据的分析与应用, 数据贯穿于整个公民科学项目流程。Williamson等表示由于数据密集型科学中数据的重要性日益增加, 公民科学家数据共享的系统研究将对科学做出重大贡献[56]。然而, 面对科研数据类型的增加, 以及数据质量、分辨率的不断提高, 对于建设一个开放存取的集成数据库将提出更高的要求[57]。开放存取、数据共享对科学成果的传播起到积极的作用, 同时也体现出公众科学取之于民、用之于民的根本精髓。
从信息构建的角度, 公民科学平台已经成为志愿者收集和报告数据的常用方式, 在这种情况下, 平台作为与志愿者直接交互的对象, 其信息组织方式及界面设计等因素起到了至关重要的作用。Newman等从可用性、易用性出发, 考察了用户对于公众科学平台的满意度, 并根据用户的反馈不断对平台进行改进[58]; Greenhill等从社区互动和游戏化设计元素出发, 考察了用户参与在线公众科学项目的动机[59]。同时, 随着智能手机越来越多地被志愿者用来收集数据, 也有一些人机交互领域的学者正在关注移动设备的开发、设计和使用对用户参与公众科学的影响[60]。
综上所述, 图书情报学与公众科学都是与资源、数据、信息密不可分的领域, 二者随着互联网的发展及大数据的兴起逐渐交织、融合。将图书情报学科以用户为中心的理念思想融入到公众科学的项目构建中, 可以进一步促进二者的协同发展。
本文对公众科学的演化路径、研究热点及国际图情领域的公众科学研究现状进行分析。研究发现, 从公众科学的演化路径看, 自然科学领域研究对数据样本多样性的需求催生了公众科学的产生, 移动网络的发展及智能设备的普及加速了公众科学的发展。从公众科学的研究热点看, 基于公众科学项目的实践研究是该领域的传统性研究, 持续受到学者们关注。随着实践探索的深入, 公众科学的研究亟需理论体系的支撑, 因此, 理论方法的研究也逐渐受到重视。此外, 志愿者和公众科学家作为项目的主要参与力量, 对其动因、态度和行为的研究也是不可或缺的主要部分。从国际图情领域公众科学的研究现状看, 虽然目前关于公众科学的研究刚刚起步, 但其研究成果大部分发表在领域内的国际顶级期刊中, 蕴含很大的发展潜力。
与此同时, 我国公众科学的理论研究与实践探索尚处于起步阶段。在理论方面, 大多学者对公众科学基本理论问题, 如内涵、运作机制等尚未达成共识, 且对公众科学的理解不够深入; 在实践方面, 我国成功开展的公众科学项目屈指可数, 并且大部分仍然停留在数据采集的阶段, 对于科学知识的发现与普及并没有取得阶段性进展。由此可见, 我国公众科学的研究任重而道远, 图书情报领域作为兼具资源管理优势与数据管理优势的传统学科, 势必将对公众科学的研究发挥重要作用。
张轩慧: 收集并分析数据, 论文初稿撰写;
赵宇翔: 提出研究思路, 设计分析框架, 论文撰写及定稿。
所有作者声明不存在利益冲突关系。
支撑数据见期刊网络版http://www.infotech.ac.cn。
[1] 张轩慧, 赵宇翔. WOS中公众科学的文献信息.xlsx. 论文中所提到的WOS核心数据库中的文献特征记录.
| [1] |
Public Participation in Scientific Research: Defining the Field and Assessing Its Potential for Informal Science Education. A CAISE Inquiry Group Report[R]. |
| [2] |
基于科研众包模式的公众科学项目运作机制初探——以Evolution MegaLab为例 [J].https://doi.org/10.13266/j.issn.0252-3116.2017.01.001 URL 摘要
[目的／意义]研究公众科学项目运作的原理与机制，为我国公众科学项目的开展提供明确的理论和行动指导。[方法／过程]通过文献资料收集和研究，归纳出公众科学项目运作的框架和基本流程，并以典型公众科学项目Evolution MegaLab为案例，提炼出公众科学项目运作三大阶段。[结果／结论]根据案例分析结果提出由前期投入、中期行动、后期产出三大阶段构成的公众科学项目运作流程，并详细说明各个阶段所包含的基本活动和关键步骤，总结Evolution MegaLab案例对我国公众科学发展的启示。
Exploring the Operation Mechanism of Research Crowdsourcing Oriented Citizen Science Project: Taking Evolution MegaLab as a Case [J].https://doi.org/10.13266/j.issn.0252-3116.2017.01.001 URL 摘要
[目的／意义]研究公众科学项目运作的原理与机制，为我国公众科学项目的开展提供明确的理论和行动指导。[方法／过程]通过文献资料收集和研究，归纳出公众科学项目运作的框架和基本流程，并以典型公众科学项目Evolution MegaLab为案例，提炼出公众科学项目运作三大阶段。[结果／结论]根据案例分析结果提出由前期投入、中期行动、后期产出三大阶段构成的公众科学项目运作流程，并详细说明各个阶段所包含的基本活动和关键步骤，总结Evolution MegaLab案例对我国公众科学发展的启示。
|
| [3] |
公众科学:整合科学研究、生态保护和公众参与 [J].https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1003.2013.12113 Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
<p>公众科学(citizen science)即公众参与式科学研究, 指包含了非职业科学家、科学爱好者和志愿者参与的科研活动, 其范围涵盖科学问题探索、新技术发展、数据收集与分析等。随着信息和网络时代的到来, 公众科学在生态保护和环境监测等领域中的作用也受到越来越多的重视。依据公众在科学研究过程中的贡献和参与程度, 公众科学项目可分为契约型、辅助型、合作型、共创型和学院型等不同类型与模式。在大量公众科学项目的基础上, 已经建立了多个公众科学平台, 提供此类项目的基本信息、方法和技术等。公众科学的成果已经在科学研究, 特别是生态学和环境保护等方面发挥了重要的作用。尽管中国的公众科学在鸟类和植物监测方面已经有了良好的开端, 并积累了大量经验, 但依然存在起步晚、参与度不高、数据质量控制薄弱、项目管理和信息整合能力差等不足。为发展中国公众科学, 需要多渠道争取经费支持, 进行广泛宣传, 发展相关组织、发展平台和技术, 积极寻找公众科学成果出口, 并加强国际合作; 同时充分利用每一个有志于科学研究的公民的力量, 积极推动中国在生态保护和环境监测等科学研究领域的良性发展。为此我们建立了中国公众科学网站平台(<a href="http://www.gongzhongkexue.org">http://www.gongzhongkexue.org</a>), 希望能作为一个连接公众、科学家、政府、非政府组织和志愿者团体等的桥梁和纽带。</p>
Citizen Science: Integrating Scientific Research, Ecological Conservation and Public Participation [J].https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1003.2013.12113 Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
<p>公众科学(citizen science)即公众参与式科学研究, 指包含了非职业科学家、科学爱好者和志愿者参与的科研活动, 其范围涵盖科学问题探索、新技术发展、数据收集与分析等。随着信息和网络时代的到来, 公众科学在生态保护和环境监测等领域中的作用也受到越来越多的重视。依据公众在科学研究过程中的贡献和参与程度, 公众科学项目可分为契约型、辅助型、合作型、共创型和学院型等不同类型与模式。在大量公众科学项目的基础上, 已经建立了多个公众科学平台, 提供此类项目的基本信息、方法和技术等。公众科学的成果已经在科学研究, 特别是生态学和环境保护等方面发挥了重要的作用。尽管中国的公众科学在鸟类和植物监测方面已经有了良好的开端, 并积累了大量经验, 但依然存在起步晚、参与度不高、数据质量控制薄弱、项目管理和信息整合能力差等不足。为发展中国公众科学, 需要多渠道争取经费支持, 进行广泛宣传, 发展相关组织、发展平台和技术, 积极寻找公众科学成果出口, 并加强国际合作; 同时充分利用每一个有志于科学研究的公民的力量, 积极推动中国在生态保护和环境监测等科学研究领域的良性发展。为此我们建立了中国公众科学网站平台(<a href="http://www.gongzhongkexue.org">http://www.gongzhongkexue.org</a>), 希望能作为一个连接公众、科学家、政府、非政府组织和志愿者团体等的桥梁和纽带。</p>
|
| [4] |
A Review of Citizen Science and Community-Based Environmental Monitoring: Issues and Opportunities [J]. |
| [5] |
The History of Public Participation in Ecological Research [J]. |
| [6] |
The Social Management of Environmental Change [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-3287(94)90018-3 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
While environmental change and policy responses to environmental threat have attracted considerable attention from government and industry over the past decade, conventional approaches have tended to be individualistic, naturalistic and government-led in orientation. This article considers a perspective on ‘sustainable development’ which emphasizes citizen-led initiatives. In particular, the possibilities for ‘bridging the gap’ between innovation processes and the implementation of technology are discussed. Three European case-studies are presented of a constructive and citizen-led ‘social management’ of environmental change—urban ecology, wind energy and science shops. Conclusions are then reached about the policy and theoretical significance of these social experiments.
|
| [7] |
Reconstruction of A 1,910-y-long Locust Series Reveals Consistent Associations with Climate Fluctuations in China [J].https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1100189108 URL PMID: 21876131 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
It is becoming increasingly clear that global warming is taking place; however, its long-term effects on biological populations are largely unknown due to lack of long-term data. Here, we reconstructed a 1,910-y-long time series of outbreaks of Oriental migratory locusts (Locusta migratoria manilensis) in China, on the basis of information extracted from >8,000 historical documents. First by analyzing the most recent period with the best data quality using generalized additive models, we found statistically significant associations between the reconstructed locust abundance and indexes of precipitation and temperature at both annual (A.D. 1512-1911) and decadal (A.D. 1000-1900) scales: There were more locusts under dry and cold conditions and when locust abundance was high in the preceding year or decade. Second, by exploring locust-environment correlations using a 200-y moving window, we tested whether these associations also hold further back in time. The locust-precipitation correlation was found to hold at least as far back as to A.D. 500, supporting the robustness of this link as well as the quality of both reconstructions. The locust-temperature correlation was weaker and less consistent, which may reflect this link being indirect and thus more easily moderated by other factors. We anticipate that further analysis of this unique time series now available to the scientific community will continue to provide insights into biological consequences of climate change in the years to come.
|
| [8] |
Christmas Bird Count [EB/OL]. [ |
| [9] |
Clergymen Abiding in the Fields: The Making of the Naturalist Observer in Eighteenth-Century Norwegian Natural History [J].https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889711000044 URL PMID: 21797077 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
By the mid-eighteenth century, governors of the major European states promoted the study of nature as part of natural-resource based schemes for improvement and economic self-sufficiency. Procuring beneficial knowledge about nature, however, required observers, collectors, and compilers who could produce usable and useful descriptions of nature. The ways governments promoted scientific explorations varied according to the form of government, the makeup of the civil society, the state's economic ideologies and practices, and the geographical situation. This article argues that the roots of a major natural history initiative in Denmark-Norway were firmly planted in the state-church organization. Through the clergymen and their activities, a bishop, supported by the government in Copenhagen, could gather an impressive collection of natural objects, receive observations and descriptions of natural phenomena, and produce natural historical publications that described for the first time many of the species of the north. Devout naturalists were a common species in the eighteenth century, when clergymen and missionaries involved themselves in the investigation of nature in Europe and far beyond. The specific interest here is in how natural history was supported and enforced as part of clerical practice, how specimen exchange was grafted on to pre-existing institutions of gift exchange, and how this influenced the character of the knowledge produced.
|
| [10] |
The Invisible Prevalence of Citizen Science in Global Research: Migratory Birds and Climate Change [J].https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0106508 URL PMID: 25184755 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Citizen science is a research practice that relies on public contributions of data. The strong recognition of its educational value combined with the need for novel methods to handle subsequent large and complex data sets raises the question: Is citizen science effective at science? A quantitative assessment of the contributions of citizen science for its core purpose--scientific research--is lacking. We examined the contribution of citizen science to a review paper by ornithologists in which they formulated ten central claims about the impact of climate change on avian migration. Citizen science was never explicitly mentioned in the review article. For each of the claims, these ornithologists scored their opinions about the amount of research effort invested in each claim and how strongly the claim was supported by evidence. This allowed us to also determine whether their trust in claims was, unwittingly or not, related to the degree to which the claims relied primarily on data generated by citizen scientists. We found that papers based on citizen science constituted between 24 and 77% of the references backing each claim, with no evidence of a mistrust of claims that relied heavily on citizen-science data. We reveal that many of these papers may not easily be recognized as drawing upon volunteer contributions, as the search terms "citizen science" and "volunteer" would have overlooked the majority of the studies that back the ten claims about birds and climate change. Our results suggest that the significance of citizen science to global research, an endeavor that is reliant on long-term information at large spatial scales, might be far greater than is readily perceived. To better understand and track the contributions of citizen science in the future, we urge researchers to use the keyword "citizen science" in papers that draw on efforts of non-professionals.
|
| [11] |
What is Citizen Science? - A Scientometric Meta-Analysis [J].https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147152 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
The concept of citizen science (CS) is currently referred to by many actors inside and outside science and research. Several descriptions of this purportedly new approach of science are often heard in connection with large datasets and the possibilities of mobilizing crowds outside science to assists with observations and classifications. However, other accounts refer to CS as a way of democratizing science, aiding concerned communities in creating data to influence policy and as a way of promoting political decision processes involving environment and health. In this study we analyse two datasets (N = 1935, N = 633) retrieved from the Web of Science (WoS) with the aim of giving a scientometric description of what the concept of CS entails. We account for its development over time, and what strands of research that has adopted CS and give an assessment of what scientific output has been achieved in CS-related projects. To attain this, scientometric methods have been combined with qualitative approaches to render more precise search terms. Results indicate that there are three main focal points of CS. The largest is composed of research on biology, conservation and ecology, and utilizes CS mainly as a methodology of collecting and classifying data. A second strand of research has emerged through geographic information research, where citizens participate in the collection of geographic data. Thirdly, there is a line of research relating to the social sciences and epidemiology, which studies and facilitates public participation in relation to environmental issues and health. In terms of scientific output, the largest body of articles are to be found in biology and conservation research. In absolute numbers, the amount of publications generated by CS is low (N = 1935), but over the past decade a new and very productive line of CS based on digital platforms has emerged for the collection and classification of data.
|
| [12] |
Citizen Science Comes of Age [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2013.05.003 URL [本文引用: 1] |
| [13] |
Next Steps for Citizen Science [J].https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1251554 URL [本文引用: 2] |
| [14] |
CiteSpace Ⅱ: 科学文献中新趋势与新动态的识别与可视化 [J].https://doi.org/10.3772/j.issn.1000-0135.2009.03.012 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
本文介绍了在科学文献中识别并显示科学发展新趋势和新动态的一种通用方法的最新研究进展。这项研究在理论和方法上极大地促进了知识领域可视化研究。研究领域（specialty）的概念和可视化基于信息科学中的两个概念——＂研究前沿＂和＂知识基础＂间的时变对偶（time-variant duality）。研究前沿（research front）被定义为一组突现的动态概念和潜在的研究问题。研究前沿的知识基础（intellecture base）是它在科学文献中（即由引用研究前沿术语的科学文献所形成的演化网络）的引文和共引轨迹。Kleinberg设计的跳跃检测算法（burst detection algorithm）适用于辨认新兴研究前沿专业术语概念。Freeman提出的中间中心性测度可以用来使表示潜在范式变化的关键点凸显出来。我们设计并实现了两个互补的视图：聚类视图（cluster views）和时区视图（time-zone views）。这种方法的贡献在于：①通过对研究前沿术语的算法运算,在动态中认识知识基础的本质 ②用研究前沿专业术语概念明确标出共引聚类的确切含义 ③直观地和靠算法识别的关键点的一致性大大简化了可视化的复杂性。CiteSpaceⅡ应用Java程序实现了大规模生物集群灭绝（mass extinction）（1981～2004年）和恐怖主义（terrorism）（1990～2003年）两个研究领域的建模和可视化过程。可视化网络中的突出的趋势和关键点的作用经各自领域专家直接验证,这些专家本身就是关键点文章的的作者。本文讨论了这项研究的实际意义,并明确了今后研究工作中存在的一系列挑战和机会。
CiteSpace II: Detecting and Visualizing Emerging Trends and Transient Patterns in Scientific Literature [J].https://doi.org/10.3772/j.issn.1000-0135.2009.03.012 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
本文介绍了在科学文献中识别并显示科学发展新趋势和新动态的一种通用方法的最新研究进展。这项研究在理论和方法上极大地促进了知识领域可视化研究。研究领域（specialty）的概念和可视化基于信息科学中的两个概念——＂研究前沿＂和＂知识基础＂间的时变对偶（time-variant duality）。研究前沿（research front）被定义为一组突现的动态概念和潜在的研究问题。研究前沿的知识基础（intellecture base）是它在科学文献中（即由引用研究前沿术语的科学文献所形成的演化网络）的引文和共引轨迹。Kleinberg设计的跳跃检测算法（burst detection algorithm）适用于辨认新兴研究前沿专业术语概念。Freeman提出的中间中心性测度可以用来使表示潜在范式变化的关键点凸显出来。我们设计并实现了两个互补的视图：聚类视图（cluster views）和时区视图（time-zone views）。这种方法的贡献在于：①通过对研究前沿术语的算法运算,在动态中认识知识基础的本质 ②用研究前沿专业术语概念明确标出共引聚类的确切含义 ③直观地和靠算法识别的关键点的一致性大大简化了可视化的复杂性。CiteSpaceⅡ应用Java程序实现了大规模生物集群灭绝（mass extinction）（1981～2004年）和恐怖主义（terrorism）（1990～2003年）两个研究领域的建模和可视化过程。可视化网络中的突出的趋势和关键点的作用经各自领域专家直接验证,这些专家本身就是关键点文章的的作者。本文讨论了这项研究的实际意义,并明确了今后研究工作中存在的一系列挑战和机会。
|
| [15] |
公民科研的兴起及图书馆的角色 [J].https://doi.org/10.13266/j.issn.0252-3116.2014.14.008 URL [本文引用: 2] 摘要
在分析公民科研发展现状与构建模式特点的基础上，结合图书馆的行业特点，归纳图书馆在公民科研发展中存在的机遇与挑战。研究结果表明，图书馆具有平台优势、资源优势和专业优势，但缺乏公民科研服务理念、大数据管理经验以及资金支持。提出图书馆可在数据管理、人员组织培训及后期项目评价与成果推广三方面发挥积极作用，从而利用公民科研推进图书馆的服务模式变革，迎来新的发展机遇。
Rising Tide of Citizen Science and Roles of Libraries [J].https://doi.org/10.13266/j.issn.0252-3116.2014.14.008 URL [本文引用: 2] 摘要
在分析公民科研发展现状与构建模式特点的基础上，结合图书馆的行业特点，归纳图书馆在公民科研发展中存在的机遇与挑战。研究结果表明，图书馆具有平台优势、资源优势和专业优势，但缺乏公民科研服务理念、大数据管理经验以及资金支持。提出图书馆可在数据管理、人员组织培训及后期项目评价与成果推广三方面发挥积极作用，从而利用公民科研推进图书馆的服务模式变革，迎来新的发展机遇。
|
| [16] |
Meaningful Marine Monitoring: The Three R’s to Responsible Stewardship [C]// |
| [17] |
A Rare Model Limits the Distribution of Its More Common Mimic: A Twist on Frequency-Dependent Batesian Mimicry [J].https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00401.x URL PMID: 18410533 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Batesian mimics are predicted to lose their fitness advantage not only in the absence of an unpalatable model, but also when the mimic becomes relatively abundant. The phenotypic hybrid zone between mimetic and nonmimetic admiral butterflies, comprising the polytypic Limenitis arthemis species complex, offers an ideal opportunity to test these predictions because the position of the hybrid zone is hypothesized to be controlled by the geographic range of Battus philenor, the chemically defended model. We used 29 years of observational field data from a continental-scale butterfly monitoring program, the 4th of July Butterfly Counts, to show that (1) the advantage of mimicry does not extend beyond the range of the model, (2) in contrast to expectations, the mimicry complex is maintained even where the model is rare and (3) the sharp phenotypic transition between mimetic and nonmimetic admiral populations occurs over a very narrow spatial scale corresponding to the limit of the model's range. These results suggest that, even at very low densities, there is selection for Batesian mimicry and it maintains the geographic position of this hybrid zone. Our findings highlight the value of large-scale, long-term citizen science monitoring programs for answering basic ecological and evolutionary questions.
|
| [18] |
Symposium 18: Citizen Science in Ecology: the Intersection of Research and Education [J].https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9623-90.3.308 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
react-text: 580 There is a paradox in human evolution: It was once assumed not only that rational science originated with the ancient Greek philosophic schools, but that the belief systems of prehistoric hunter-gatherers were dominated by superstitions and irrational beliefs. If this was the case, then how did the human mind evolve the ability to do scientific reasoning if scientific reasoning was not... /react-text react-text: 581 /react-text [Show full abstract]
|
| [19] |
Introduction: Understanding the Digital Humanities [A]// Understanding Digital Humanities [M]. |
| [20] |
Digital Humanities and Libraries: A Conceptual Model [J].https://doi.org/10.1080/01930826.2013.756680 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Though there has been much discussion of the connection between libraries and digital humanities (on both sides), a general model of the two has not been forthcoming. Such a model would provide librarians with an overview of the diverse work of digital humanities (some of which they may already perform) and help identify pockets of activity through which each side might engage the other. This article surveys the current locations of digital humanities work, presents a cultural informatics model of libraries and the digital humanities, and situates digital humanities work within the user-centered paradigm of library and information science.
|
| [21] |
科学知识网络的形成与演化(Ⅰ): 共词网络方法的提出 [J].https://doi.org/10.3772/j.issn.1000-0135.2009.04.015 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
知识网络观已经被情报学界普遍接受.已往的科学知识网络研究多以 引文关系和合著关系为线索,其结果揭示的是科学界高阶的学科结构和智力结构,而非知识概念结构.为了在微观层面上揭示科学知识网络的形成与演化机理,我们 将目光关注在了文章关键词与关键词共现关系上.通过回顾认知地图、科学知识领域绘图与共词分析三个领域的发展历史,本文提出了共词网络方法,并以此为基础 分析了科学知识体系的网络结构和知识单元的增长模式.借助对共词网络的结构与演化过程的分析,本文首次从词汇维度定性解释了科学知识网络的形成与演化机 理.
Formation and Evolution of Science Knowledge Network (Ⅰ): A New Research Method Based on Co-word Network [J].https://doi.org/10.3772/j.issn.1000-0135.2009.04.015 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
知识网络观已经被情报学界普遍接受.已往的科学知识网络研究多以 引文关系和合著关系为线索,其结果揭示的是科学界高阶的学科结构和智力结构,而非知识概念结构.为了在微观层面上揭示科学知识网络的形成与演化机理,我们 将目光关注在了文章关键词与关键词共现关系上.通过回顾认知地图、科学知识领域绘图与共词分析三个领域的发展历史,本文提出了共词网络方法,并以此为基础 分析了科学知识体系的网络结构和知识单元的增长模式.借助对共词网络的结构与演化过程的分析,本文首次从词汇维度定性解释了科学知识网络的形成与演化机 理.
|
| [22] |
Comparing Keywords Plus of WOS and Author Keywords: A Case Study of Patient Adherence Research [J].https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.23437 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
No abstract is available for this item.
|
| [23] |
基于NEViewer的学科主题演化可视化分析 [J].https://doi.org/10.3772/j.issn.1000-0135.2013.09.001 URL [本文引用: 2] 摘要
为了开发更加准确高效的学科新兴趋势探测方法,必须加强科研主题演化规律的研究.本文提出了一种新的基于共词网络社区演化分析的研究框架.我们基于社区主题表示算法和社区相似度匹配算法,构建了一个科研主题演化分析模型,并开发了一款新颖的网络社区演化分析软件NEViewer.与已有的科学图谱分析软件相比,NEViewer的创新在于:(a)设计一套时序网络社区演化分析框架;(b)实现了多个网络社区演化分析算法;(c)以冲积图和赋色网络图两种创新性的方式揭示了网络社区演化的宏观过程和微观细节.利用NEViewer对中文计算机学科进行的实验结果表明NEViewer在复杂网络社区演化可视化分析上是可靠的和有效的,借助共词网络进行学科主题演化研究的思路也是可行的.
An Alysis on Evolution of Research Topics in a Discipline Based on NEViewer [J].https://doi.org/10.3772/j.issn.1000-0135.2013.09.001 URL [本文引用: 2] 摘要
为了开发更加准确高效的学科新兴趋势探测方法,必须加强科研主题演化规律的研究.本文提出了一种新的基于共词网络社区演化分析的研究框架.我们基于社区主题表示算法和社区相似度匹配算法,构建了一个科研主题演化分析模型,并开发了一款新颖的网络社区演化分析软件NEViewer.与已有的科学图谱分析软件相比,NEViewer的创新在于:(a)设计一套时序网络社区演化分析框架;(b)实现了多个网络社区演化分析算法;(c)以冲积图和赋色网络图两种创新性的方式揭示了网络社区演化的宏观过程和微观细节.利用NEViewer对中文计算机学科进行的实验结果表明NEViewer在复杂网络社区演化可视化分析上是可靠的和有效的,借助共词网络进行学科主题演化研究的思路也是可行的.
|
| [24] |
A New Methodological Approach to Bibliographic Coupling and Its Application to the National, Regional and Institutional Level [J].https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02093621 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
In an earlier study the authors have shown that bibliographic coupling techniques can be used to identify ot research topics. The methodology is based on appropriate thresholds for both number of related documents and the strength of bibliographic links. Those papers are called core documents that have more than 9 links of at least the strength 0.25 according to Salton's measure , provided they are articles, notes or reviews. This choice resulted in a selection of nearly one per cent of all papers of the above types recorded in the 1992 annual cumulation of the SCI. Core documents proved important nodes in the network of documented science communication. In the present study, the set of core documents is analysed by journals, subfields and corporate addresses. The latter analysis is conducted on both national and regional-institutional level. First all countries which have published at least 20 core documents in 1992 are investigated in terms of their research profiles, their international collaboration patterns and their citation impact. Finally, those eight members of the European Union which have published at least 20 core documents in 1992 are analysed in respect of regional and institutional distribution of core documents.
|
| [25] |
我国科研机构合作网络知识扩散研究——以“生物多样性”研究为例 [J].
通过对“生物多样性”研究高产机构所构成的合作网络进行社会网络分析，揭示科研机构合作网络知识扩散规律，剖析我国当前科研合作网络知识交流、扩散的特点。认为科研合作网络已成为科研领域的常态化事物，科研合作网络的结构对知识扩散具有重要要影响，因此，有必要全面探索其自身发展演变的规律，以促进科学知识的交流与扩散，同时也为我国科研政策的发展提供支持。
Study on the Knowledge Diffusion in the Network of Chinese Research Institutions: A Case on Biodiversity Research [J].
通过对“生物多样性”研究高产机构所构成的合作网络进行社会网络分析，揭示科研机构合作网络知识扩散规律，剖析我国当前科研合作网络知识交流、扩散的特点。认为科研合作网络已成为科研领域的常态化事物，科研合作网络的结构对知识扩散具有重要要影响，因此，有必要全面探索其自身发展演变的规律，以促进科学知识的交流与扩散，同时也为我国科研政策的发展提供支持。
|
| [26] |
基于关键词共现频率的热点分析方法研究 [J].
关键词共现可以有效地反映学科领域的研究热点,为科学研究提供辅助支持。文章系统梳理基于共现频率的共词分析相关度算法、聚类算法、可视化方法等,评价现有聚类算法,并针对k-means聚类算法提出改进构想。
Study on Hotspot Analysis Method Based on Co-occurrence Frequency of Key Words [J].
关键词共现可以有效地反映学科领域的研究热点,为科学研究提供辅助支持。文章系统梳理基于共现频率的共词分析相关度算法、聚类算法、可视化方法等,评价现有聚类算法,并针对k-means聚类算法提出改进构想。
|
| [27] |
|
| [28] |
An Interpretive Study of Meanings Citizen Scientists Make When Participating in Galaxy Zoo [J]. |
| [29] |
Motivation to Participate in an Online Citizen Science Game: A Study of Foldit [J].https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547015609322 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Online citizen science projects have the potential to engage thousands of participants with scientific research. A small number of projects such as Foldit use an online computer game format. Motivation to participate in Foldit was investigated in a group of 37 players using an online survey, semistructured interviews, and participant observation. Results suggest that contributing to scientific research and an interest in science were among the most important motivations for participation. Interaction with others within the community of participants and the intellectual challenge of the game were also key for the continuing involvement of this group of regular contributors.
|
| [30] |
From Conservation to Crowdsourcing: A Typology of Citizen Science [C]// |
| [31] |
The Future of Citizen Science: Emerging Technologies and Shifting Paradigms [J].https://doi.org/10.1890/110294 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Citizen science creates a nexus between science and education that, when coupled with emerging technologies, expands the frontiers of ecological research and public engagement. Using representative technologies and other examples, we examine the future of citizen science in terms of its research processes, program and participant cultures, and scientific communities. Future citizen-science projects will likely be influenced by sociocultural issues related to new technologies and will continue to face practical programmatic challenges. We foresee networked, open science and the use of online computer/video gaming as important tools to engage non-traditional audiences, and offer recommendations to help prepare project managers for impending challenges. A more formalized citizen-science enterprise, complete with networked organizations, associations, journals, and cyberinfrastructure, will advance scientific research, including ecology, and further public education.
|
| [32] |
Increasing Citizen Science Contribution Using a Virtual Peer [J].https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.23685 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Abstract Online participation is becoming an increasingly common means for individuals to contribute to citizen science projects, yet such projects often rely on only a small fraction of participants to make the majority of contributions. Here, we investigate a means for influencing the performance of citizen scientists toward enhancing overall participation. Building on past social comparison research, we pair citizen scientists with a software-based virtual peer in an environmental monitoring project. Through a series of experiments in which virtual peers outperform, underperform, or perform similarly to human participants, we investigate the influence of their presence on citizen science participation. To offer insight into the psychological determinants to the response to this intervention, we propose a new dynamic model describing the bidirectional interaction between humans and virtual peers. Our results demonstrate that participant contribution can be enhanced through the presence of a virtual peer, creating a feedback loop where participants tend to increase or decrease their contribution in response to their peers' performance. By including virtual peers that systematically outperform the participants, we demonstrate a fourfold increase in their contribution to the citizen science project.
|
| [33] |
Enhancing Citizen Contributions to Biodiversity Science and Public Policy [J].https://doi.org/10.1179/030801808X260031 URL [本文引用: 1] |
| [34] |
Current Developments in Big Data and Sustainability Sciences in Mobile Citizen Science Applications [C]// |
| [35] |
Public Participation in Scientific Research: A Framework for Deliberate Design [J].https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-04705-170229 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Members of the public participate in scientific research in many different contexts, stemming from traditions as varied as participatory action research and citizen science. Particularly in conservation and natural resource management contexts, where research often addresses complex social#8211;ecological questions, the emphasis on and nature of this participation can significantly affect both the way that projects are designed and the outcomes that projects achieve. We review and integrate recent work in these and other fields, which has converged such that we propose the term public participation in scientific research (PPSR) to discuss initiatives from diverse fields and traditions. We describe three predominant models of PPSR and call upon case studies suggesting that#8212;regardless of the research context#8212;project outcomes are influenced by (1) the degree of public participation in the research process and (2) the quality of public participation as negotiated during project design. To illustrate relationships between the quality of participation and outcomes, we offer a framework that considers how scientific and public interests are negotiated for project design toward multiple, integrated goals. We suggest that this framework and models, used in tandem, can support deliberate design of PPSR efforts that will enhance their outcomes for scientific research, individual participants, and social#8211;ecological systems.
|
| [36] |
A New Dawn for Citizen Science [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2009.03.017 URL PMID: 19586682 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
A citizen scientist is a volunteer who collects and/or processes data as part of a scientific enquiry. Projects that involve citizen scientists are burgeoning, particularly in ecology and the environmental sciences, although the roots of citizen science go back to the very beginnings of modern science itself.
|
| [37] |
The Impact of Citizen Science Activities on Participant Behavior and Attitude: Review of Existing Studies [EB/OL]. [ |
| [38] |
Dynamic Changes in Motivation in Collaborative Citizen Science Projects [C]// |
| [39] |
Crowd Science User Contribution Patterns and Their Implications [J].https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1408907112 URL PMID: 25561529 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Scientific research performed with the involvement of the broader public (the crowd) attracts increasing attention from scientists and policy makers. A key premise is that project organizers may be able to draw on underused human resources to advance research at relatively low cost. Despite a growing number of examples, systematic research on the effort contributions volunteers are willing to make to crowd science projects is lacking. Analyzing data on seven different projects, we quantify the financial value volunteers can bring by comparing their unpaid contributions with counterfactual costs in traditional or online labor markets. The volume of total contributions is substantial, although some projects are much more successful in attracting effort than others. Moreover, contributions received by projects are very uneven across time--a tendency toward declining activity is interrupted by spikes typically resulting from outreach efforts or media attention. Analyzing user-level data, we find that most contributors participate only once and with little effort, leaving a relatively small share of users who return responsible for most of the work. Although top contributor status is earned primarily through higher levels of effort, top contributors also tend to work faster. This speed advantage develops over multiple sessions, suggesting that it reflects learning rather than inherent differences in skills. Our findings inform recent discussions about potential benefits from crowd science, suggest that involving the crowd may be more effective for some kinds of projects than others, provide guidance for project managers, and raise important questions for future research.
|
| [40] |
Using Crowdsourcing to Support Pro-environmental Community Activism [C]// |
| [41] |
Mobilising Citizen Scientists to Monitor Rapidly Changing Acid Sulfate Soils [J].https://doi.org/10.1080/03721426.2016.1203141 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Abstract Drought culminating in 2009 in the Murray–Darling Basin put severe downstream pressure on Lakes Alexandrina and Albert (“Lower Lakes”) in South Australia. Falling water levels caused sulfidic acid sulfate soils (ASS) to dry forming sulfuric ASS (pH < 4) in lakebeds, along with environmental, economic and public health concerns. The pace of sulfuric ASS spread overwhelmed scientific efforts to develop robust hydrogeochemical models for the best management decisions. Meanwhile, community impatience grew because of fears for livelihoods, public health and loss of recreational amenity and exacerbated by apparent slow pace of government response caused by lagging scientific support. Responding to the looming problems, government, community and scientists joined in a citizen science project. The project comprised a programme of community ASS education, training and a field sampling programme conducted over four intervals (August 2009–June 2010). The project attracted 84 volunteers who sampled 51 survey areas covering the full range of ASS. The citizen scientists allowed a wider geographic and temporal sampling reach than was otherwise possible by scientists alone. The citizen scientists amplified the work of scientists by adding to the pool of data and freeing scientists to concentrate on non-routine ASS work. Perhaps of more enduring importance, the project showed how community, government and scientists can cooperate at times of environmental stress. The experience has grown government’s capability to implement policy to grow community resilience during environmentally stressful episodes. Finally, the Lower Lakes community is now positioned for the next drought because community knowledge, leadership and networks are now in place.
|
| [42] |
Easier Citizen Science is Better [J].https://doi.org/10.1038/471037a URL PMID: 21368811 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Easier citizen science is better Nature 471, 7336 (2011). doi:10.1038/471037a Authors: Jeffrey Parsons, Roman Lukyanenko & Yolanda Wiersma ...
|
| [43] |
A Systematic Literature Review of Empirical Evidence on Computer Games and Serious Games [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2012.03.004 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
This paper examines the literature on computer games and serious games in regard to the potential positive impacts of gaming on users aged 14 years or above, especially with respect to learning, skill enhancement and engagement. Search terms identified 129 papers reporting empirical evidence about the impacts and outcomes of computer games and serious games with respect to learning and engagement and a multidimensional approach to categorizing games was developed. The findings revealed that playing computer games is linked to a range of perceptual, cognitive, behavioural, affective and motivational impacts and outcomes. The most frequently occurring outcomes and impacts were knowledge acquisition/content understanding and affective and motivational outcomes. The range of indicators and measures used in the included papers are discussed, together with methodological limitations and recommendations for further work in this area.
|
| [44] |
Crowdsourcing Innovation and Product Development: Gamification as a Motivational Driver [J].https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2015.1128132 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
DESCRIPTION The rise of Web 2.0 technologies and social media has changed the company’s management practice concerning innovation processes and product development. As a result, firms have started shifting from the traditional business models of ‘closed service innovation’, where value is generated internally by the employees, towards ‘open service innovation’, where value is generated by both internal and external innovators (Chesbrough 2003). This makes crowdsourcing – the act of outsourcing a job to an undefined group of external contributors through an open call (Howe 2006) – an important source for innovation. The collaborative and competitive nature of crowdsourcing enables companies to identify, access, assimilate, and leverage the abundant knowledge, skills and resources that exist beyond their own borders (Neyer et al. 2009, Whitla 2009). Moreover, the company benefits from increased cost savings since monetary rewards are rare Howe 2006). Involving consumers in product development also allows the firms to ensure that they innovate in line with consumer demands (Khurana and Rosenthal 1997).
|
| [45] |
Using Gamification to Inspire New Citizen Science Volunteers [C]// |
| [46] |
Demographic Differences in Perceived Benefits from Gamification [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.007 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
In recent years, “gamification” has been proposed as a solution for engaging people in individually and socially sustainable behaviors, such as exercise, sustainable consumption, and education. This paper studies demographic differences in perceived benefits from gamification in the context of exercise. On the basis of data gathered via an online survey (N=195) from an exercise gamification service Fitocracy, we examine the effects of gender, age, and time using the service on social, hedonic, and utilitarian benefits and facilitating features of gamifying exercise. The results indicate that perceived enjoyment and usefulness of the gamification decline with use, suggesting that users might experience novelty effects from the service. The findings show that women report greater social benefits from the use of gamification. Further, ease of use of gamification is shown to decline with age. The implications of the findings are discussed.
|
| [47] |
The Lens of Intrinsic Skill Atoms: A Method for Gameful Design [J].https://doi.org/10.1080/07370024.2014.993471 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
The idea that game design can inspire the design of motivating, enjoyable interactive systems has a long history in human-computer interaction. It currently exp
|
| [48] |
Stories, Worlds, and Diegesis: Comparing Player Experiences in Two Citizen Science Games [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.05.051 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
We conducted an experiment to examine how people perceive differences between points-based and story-based gamification approaches. We were interested in how these differences impact peoples’ play experiences and perceptions of working on a citizen science task. Our findings show that the story-based game, Forgotten Island, was strongly preferred over the points-based game, Happy Match. Participants indicated that this was because of “diegesis” in Forgotten Island – in other words, a focus on story-motivated activities and rewards made the citizen science task more enjoyable and gave participants various reasons to continue play. This study suggests that story-based games can be a powerful tool for attracting participants to citizen science tasks. In particular, compared to point-based games, story-based games may be more useful for attracting and engaging participants who are ambivalent about scientific inquiry. This paper also discusses some of the challenges and possibilities for both points-based and story-based gamification.
|
| [49] |
Many Hands Make Light Work. Many Hands Together Make Merry Work: Transcribe Bentham and Crowdsourcing Manuscript Collections[A]// Ridge M. Crowdsourcing Our Cultural Heritage [M]. |
| [50] |
Extracting Scientific Articles from a Large Digital Archive: BioStor and the Biodiversity Heritage Library [J].https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-12-1 URL [本文引用: 1] |
| [51] |
Crowdsourcing Metadata Schema Generation for Chinese-Style Costume Digital Library [C]// |
| [52] |
Citizen Science: Information Problems, Library Solutions [EB/OL]. [ |
| [53] |
Crowd Science: It is Not Just a Matter of Time (or Funding) [J].https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.23316 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
The last years, citizen science, or crowd science, has increased tremendously, both in number of projects, and number of participants. Most literature on crowd science focuses on its advantages, for both scientists, and the participating citizens. The challenges of crowd science come mainly from limited organizational capacity of some of these projects. As a result of this line of reasoning, the main issue becomes, how we can facilitate citizen science, and help it expand to more projects, and involve more (types of) participants. My aim in this discussion note is to make two points: first, that, most recent work on citizen science fails to elaborate on the new types of relationships, practices and interactions that are facilitated by information and communication technologies, when compared to traditional volunteer science. The second point is that there are pronounced disciplinary differences among citizen science projects, something that, again, is generally being missed in much recent work. Missing these points can lead us to imagine that it only a matter of time (and of course funding) before all sciences catch up with citizen science. Such a line of thought can result in investing resources (money, time, effort) in projects and infrastructures that are doomed to fail, because of their topic. I conclude by offering some thoughts on a research agenda.
|
| [54] |
Citizen Science: A Developing Tool for Expanding Science Knowledge and Scientific Literacy [J].https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2009.59.11.9 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Citizen science enlists the public in collecting large quantities of data across an array of habitats and locations over long spans of time. Citizen science projects have been remarkably successful in advancing scientific knowledge, and contributions from citizen scientists now provide a vast quantity of data about species occurrence and distribution around the world. Most citizen science projects also strive to help participants learn about the organisms they are observing and to experience the process by which scientific investigations are conducted. Developing and implementing public data-collection projects that yield both scientific and educational outcomes requires significant effort. This article describes the model for building and operating citizen science projects that has evolved at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology over the past two decades. We hope that our model will inform the fields of biodiversity monitoring, biological research, and science education while providing a window into the culture of citizen science.
|
| [55] |
Supporting Content Curation Communities: The Case of the Encyclopedia of Life [J].https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.22633 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
This article explores the opportunities and challenges of creating and sustaining large-scale ontent curation communities through an in-depth case study of the Encyclopedia of Life (EOL). Content curation communities are large-scale crowdsourcing endeavors that aim to curate existing content into a single repository, making these communities different from content creation communities such as Wikipedia. In this article, we define content curation communities and provide examples of this increasingly important genre. We then follow by presenting EOL, a compelling example of a content curation community, and describe a case study of EOL based on analysis of interviews, online discussions, and survey data. Our findings are characterized into two broad categories: information integration and social integration. Information integration challenges at EOL include the need to (a) accommodate and validate multiple sources and (b) integrate traditional peer reviewed sources with user-generated, nonpeer-reviewed content. Social integration challenges at EOL include the need to (a) establish the credibility of open-access resources within the scientific community and (b) facilitate collaboration between experts and novices. After identifying the challenges, we discuss the potential strategies EOL and other content curation communities can use to address them, and provide technical, content, and social design recommendations for overcoming them.
|
| [56] |
Data Sharing for the Advancement of Science: Overcoming Barriers for Citizen Scientists [J].https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.23564 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Abstract Systematic study of data sharing by citizen scientists will make a significant contribution to science because of the growing importance of aggregated data in data-intensive science. This article expands on the data sharing component of a paper presented at the 2013 ASIST conference. A three-phase project is reported. Conducted between 2011 and 2013 within an environmental voluntary group, the Australian Plants Society Victoria (APSV), the interviews of the first phase are the major data source. Because the project revealed the importance of data sharing with professional scientists, their views are included in the literature review where four themes are explored: lack of shared disciplinary culture, trust, responsibility and controlled access to data, and describing data to enable reuse. The findings, presented under these themes, revealed that, within APSV, sharing among members is mostly generous and uninhibited. Beyond APSV, when online repositories were involved, barriers came very strongly into play. Trust was weaker and barriers also included issues of data quality, data description, and ownership and control. The conclusion is that further investigation of these barriers, including the attitudes of professional scientists to using data contributed by citizen scientists, would indicate how more extensive and useful data sharing could be achieved.
|
| [57] |
Towards a National Bio-environmental Data Facility: Experiences from the Atlas of Living Australia [J].https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2015.1077962 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
The Atlas of Living Australia (ALA:http://www.ala.org.au) provides the largest free and open repository of integrated biological and environmental information in a consistent format for the Australian region. As of June 2015, the ALA contained over 55 million records (10% of Global Biodiversity Information Facility’s (GBIF’s) total), consisting of 150,000+ native and alien species, nearly 500 layers of gridded and polygonal bio-environmental data, 39+ million pages of biological literature, and 45,000+ images of species and other integrated biological data. The development of the research interface to the ALA (http://spatial.ala.org.au) was the trigger to develop an architecture designed to tightly integrate environmental data for online use with biological data. Environmental layers are classed as environmental (gridded with continuous values) or contextual (polygonal with discrete class values). A suite of analysis and visualization tools have been developed to demonstrate the value of integrating the ALA’s biological and environmental data. This paper outlines the purpose and process of establishing the ALA and discusses the integration of environmental data relevant to biodiversity research in the Australian region and the vision for continually improved services for research, area management, education, and citizen science. The ALA’s environmental infrastructure addresses current needs but increased data types, volumes, and resolution suggests new directions are needed to provide quality services into the future. The experience of building the ALA has relevance for other agencies setting up similar infrastructure which supports integrated access to and use of their national biological and environmental information.
|
| [58] |
User-friendly Web Mapping: Lessons from a Citizen Science Website [J].https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2010.490532 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Citizen science websites are emerging as a common way for volunteers to collect and report geographic ecological data. Engaging the public in citizen science is challenging and, when involving online participation, data entry, and map use, becomes even more daunting. Given these new challenges, citizen science websites must be easy to use, result in positive overall satisfaction for many different users, support many different tasks, and ensure data quality. To begin reaching these goals, we built a geospatially enabled citizen science website, evaluated its usability, and gained experience by working with and listening to citizens using the website. We sought to determine general perceptions, discover potential problems, and iteratively improve website features. Although the website was rated positively overall, map-based tasks identified a wide range of problems. Given our results, we redesigned the website, improved the content, enhanced the ease of use, simplified the map interface, and added features. We discuss citizen science websites in relation to online Public Participation Geographic Information Systems, examine the role(s) websites may play in the citizen science research model, discuss how citizen science research advances GIScience, and offer guidelines to improve citizen-based web mapping applications.
|
| [59] |
Playing with Science: Exploring How Game Activity Motivates Users Participation on an Online Citizen Science Platform [J].https://doi.org/10.1108/AJIM-11-2015-0182 URL [本文引用: 1] |
| [60] |
Citizen Science: New Research Challenges for Human-Computer Interaction [J].https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2016.1194153 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
(2016). Citizen Science: New Research Challenges for Human–Computer Interaction. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction: Vol. 32, No. 8, pp. 585-612. doi: 10.1080/10447318.2016.1194153
|
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |
